Introduction (परिचय):
Disease (बीमारी) simply means an abnormal condition of the body which affects normal functioning. जब शरीर अपने सामान्य कार्य (normal functions) सही तरीके से नहीं कर पाता, तो उसे हम रोग (Disease) कहते हैं। Diseases can be caused by microorganisms (सूक्ष्मजीव जैसे bacteria, virus, fungi, protozoa), genetic factors (आनुवंशिक कारण), lifestyle (जीवनशैली), pollution, malnutrition, etc.
On the other hand, Immunity (प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र) is the body’s natural defense system which helps to fight against diseases. हमारा शरीर एक “security system” की तरह काम करता है जो हमें infections, viruses, और harmful bacteria से बचाता है।
So, to understand Health (स्वास्थ्य), we need to learn both Diseases and Immunity.
Types of Diseases (बीमारियों के प्रकार)
1. Infectious Diseases (संचारी रोग):
Caused by microorganisms like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites.
Spread from one person to another.
Example: Tuberculosis (टीबी), Malaria, Dengue, COVID-19, Cholera.
2. Non-Infectious Diseases (असंक्रामक रोग):
These do not spread from person to person.
Causes: genetic, environmental, lifestyle factors.
Example: Diabetes, Hypertension, Cancer, Heart disease.
3. Genetic Diseases (आनुवंशिक रोग):
Caused due to defective genes or mutations.
Passed from parents to children.
Example: Thalassemia, Hemophilia, Sickle Cell Anemia.
4. Lifestyle Diseases (जीवनशैली से जुड़ी बीमारियाँ):
Caused due to unhealthy habits, lack of exercise, poor diet.
Example: Obesity, Type-2 Diabetes, Stress-related disorders.
5. Deficiency Diseases (अल्पता से होने वाले रोग):
Caused due to lack of essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals.
Example: Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency), Rickets (Vitamin D deficiency), Anemia (Iron deficiency).
Causes of Diseases (बीमारियों के कारण)
1. Bacteria (बैक्टीरिया)
Microscopic organisms.
Some are harmful and cause diseases like TB, Cholera, Typhoid.
2. Viruses (वायरस)
Non-living outside host, but active inside living cells.
Cause diseases like Influenza, COVID-19, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis.
3. Fungi (कवक)
Can cause skin infections, ringworm, athlete’s foot.
4. Parasites (परजीवी)
Live inside the body and feed on host.
Example: Malaria parasite (Plasmodium), Worms.
5. Malnutrition (कुपोषण)
Lack of essential nutrients leads to deficiency diseases.
6. Pollution & Lifestyle Factors (प्रदूषण और जीवनशैली कारक)
Air pollution → Asthma, Lung cancer.
Stress, smoking, alcohol → Heart disease, Hypertension.
Common Diseases (सामान्य बीमारियाँ)
1. Tuberculosis (टीबी) – Bacterial infection of lungs.
2. Malaria – Caused by Plasmodium parasite (spread by Anopheles mosquito).
3. Dengue – Viral infection spread by Aedes mosquito.
4. COVID-19 – Caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus.
5. Diabetes (मधुमेह) – Lifestyle + genetic factor.
6. Hypertension (उच्च रक्तचाप) – Lifestyle related.
7. Cancer (कैंसर) – Abnormal growth of cells.
What is Immunity? (प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र क्या है?):
Immunity is the body’s ability to resist harmful organisms and protect us from infections.
प्रतिरक्षा शक्ति वह क्षमता है जिसके द्वारा शरीर रोगजनकों (pathogens) से लड़ता है और खुद को स्वस्थ रखता है।
Types of Immunity (प्रतिरक्षा के प्रकार)
1. Innate Immunity (जन्मजात प्रतिरक्षा)
Natural immunity present since birth.
Example: Skin, tears, mucus act as first defense.
2. Acquired Immunity (अर्जित प्रतिरक्षा)
Develops after exposure to disease or vaccination.
Example: Chickenpox once → lifetime immunity.
3. Active Immunity
Produced by body itself after infection/vaccine.
4. Passive Immunity
Transferred from another source.
Example: Mother’s milk (colostrum).
Immune System Organs (प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली के अंग)
1. Thymus (थाइमस ग्रंथि) – Produces T-cells.
2. Spleen (प्लीहा) – Filters blood and helps fight infections.
3. Bone Marrow (अस्थि मज्जा) – Produces WBCs.
4. Lymph Nodes (लसीका ग्रंथियाँ) – Trap pathogens and activate immune cells.
How Immune System Works (प्रतिरक्षा तंत्र कैसे काम करता है)
When pathogen enters body → Immune cells recognize → Produce Antibodies.
Antibodies bind to Antigens (foreign particles) → Destroy pathogen.
White Blood Cells (WBCs) are main warriors.
Boosting Immunity (प्रतिरक्षा शक्ति बढ़ाने के उपाय)
1. Healthy Diet – Fruits, vegetables, proteins.
2. Exercise & Yoga – Improves circulation and immunity.
3. Vaccination – Provides acquired immunity.
4. Sleep & Stress Management – Lack of rest lowers immunity.
Modern Science and Immunity
1. Vaccines – Developed for COVID-19, Polio, Hepatitis.
2. Immunotherapy – New treatment for Cancer.
3. Stem Cell Therapy – Future medicine.
Conclusion (निष्कर्ष)
Diseases are unavoidable but with a strong immunity system, we can fight them effectively.
बीमारियों से पूरी तरह बचना संभव नहीं है, लेकिन प्रतिरक्षा शक्ति (Immunity Power) को मजबूत बनाकर हम जीवन को स्वस्थ और लंबा बना सकते हैं।
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